Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle for eukaryotes to maintain normal cell function and stable internal environment. When ER homeostasis is disrupted, such as excessive protein processing load, insufficient nutrition supply, virus infection, calcium imbalance and redox imbalance, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) will occur, which will lead to adverse reactions such as Ca2+ imbalance, endoplasmic reticulum overload, apoptosis pathway activation and so on. ERS can affect the expression of some important proteins, induce inflammation and participate in apoptosis, thus participate in the occurrence of many chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Studies have confirmed that ERS is involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchial asthma and other diseases. Regarding the role of ERS in airway allergic inflammatory disease (AAID), there are some latest research results at home and abroad. This article will review the immune regulation mechanism mediated by ERS, and further explore the possible role of ERS in the pathogenesis of AAID, in order to provide new ideas for future research and treatment strategies of related diseases.