Objective To investigate the expressions of circular RNA ATP-binding cassette B subfamily member 10 (circRNA ABCB10) and microRNA-588 (miR-588) in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) tissues and their correlations with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients.Methods Clinical data of 83 patients with LSCC admitted to our hospital from June 2018 to March 2019 were collected, and LSCC tissue specimens and paracancer tissue specimens were obtained intraoperatively. The expression levels of circRNA ABCB10 and miR-588 in the specimens were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the correlation between circRNA ABCB10 and miR-588 was analyzed by Pearson method. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to analyze the prognosis and survival curves of LSCC patients, and Cox regression model was applied to analyze the influencing factors of prognosis of LSCC patients.Results The expression level of circRNA ABCB10 in LSCC tissue was higher than that in paracancerous tissue, and the expression level of miR-588 in LSCC tissue was lower than that in paracancerous tissue (P<0.05). The expression of circRNA ABCB10 was negatively correlated with that of miR-588 in LSCC tissues (r=-0.522, P<0.05). In LSCC tissues, the expressions of circRNA ABCB10 and miR-588 were correlated with degree of tumor differentiation, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The 3-year cumulative survival rate of patients with high expression level of circRNA ABCB10 was greatly lower than that of patients with low expression level (P<0.05), and the 3-year cumulative survival rate of patients with high expression level of miR-588 was greatly higher than that of patients with low expression (P<0.05). High expression of circRNA ABCB10 and low expression of miR-588 were risk factors for death in LSCC patients (P<0.05).Conclusion CircRNA ABCB10 is highly expressed and miR-588 is low expressed in LSCC tissues, which is related to the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of LSCC patients. CircRNA ABCB10 and miR-588 can be used as prognostic markers for LSCC, and detection of their expression can provide reference for the treatment of LSCC.