The treatment of head and neck tumors has evolved from a sole pursuit of anatomical radicality to a comprehensive system integrating oncological safety, functional restoration, aesthetic reconstruction, and psychosocial rehabilitation. Based on recent research advancements and clinical practice experiences, this article systematically elucidates the core concepts, key technological advances, and future directions of this modern therapeutic paradigm. Focusing on the three core pillars of “precision resection and minimally invasive approaches” “individualized multi-level reconstruction” and “multidisciplinary collaboration”, this paper deeply analyzes the critical value of microsurgical techniques (especially the refined application of various free flaps), digital surgery (3D virtual planning and printing), and function-oriented reconstruction strategies in improving surgical success rates and optimizing functional outcomes. Simultaneously, this article emphasizes treating tumor resection and reconstruction as a continuum and systematically focusing on patient quality of life throughout the treatment course, aiming to offer systematic guidance for clinical practice and directional prospects for future research (artificial intelligence-assisted planning, bioengineering reconstruction).